Let’s be honest: No developer wakes up in the morning and thinks, “Oh goody! Today I get to internationalize my giant website with tons of content and files. I bet supporting right-to-left languages is going to be a blast.”

However, I’m here to tell you that it’s not nearly as bad as you would expect.

In fact, Django makes it downright easy to do. Unfortunately, there’s not a lot of information on the web about internationalizing (also known as i18n) in Django besides the official documentation. Hopefully these tips and tricks will be useful for you.

What Django gives you

• Preferred language of the user, and uses the files you generate to serve translated and localized templates.
• Gives you tools for translating strings in both HTML files (i.e. templates) and Javascript files.
• Gives you helpful variables in your templates to help you serve the correct content for left-to-right and right-to-left users.

Step 1: Enabling Localization in Django

Create a folder in your site root’s directory (or elsewhere if you see fit), called locale. This will contain a folder for each language, as well as the files used for translation themselves.

Open up your settings.py and include or update the following settings:

# Path to locale folder
LOCALE_PATHS = (
    '/path/to/folder/locale',
)

# The language your website is starting in
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en'

# The languages you are supporting
LANGUAGES = (
    ('en', 'English'),   # You need to include your LANGUAGE_CODE language
    ('fa', 'Farsi'),
    ('de', 'German'),
)

# Use internationalization
USE_I18N = True

# Use localization
USE_L10N = True

Also, in each of your views (e.g. in views.py), you should be setting the request language as a session. For example:

if hasattr(request.user, 'lang'):
  request.session['django_language'] = request.user.lang

Step 2: Internationalizing your Django content

This is really the easy part. Chances are, you’ve got a folder in your Django app called “templates”. Inside, you’ve got HTML, some variables, and whatnot. All you have to do is go through and mark up the strings that need to be translated, like so:

{% trans "My English" %}
{% trans myvar %}

You get a lot of flexibility here, as described in the documentation. Essentially what happens is that you label all of your strings that should be translated, and then Django generates a handy file that your translator can use to localize the interface.

Just make sure that at the top of any template you want localized, you actually load the i18n library.

{% load i18n %}

Test it out You only have to translate a string or two in order to see whether it’s working. Create your translation files using the following command:

$ django-admin.py makemessages --locale=de --extension=html --ignore=env --ignore=*.py

Explanation of the options:

• --locale=de
  Change this from de to whatever locale you’re going for.
• --extension=html
  Tells the django engine only to look for .html files.
• --ignore=env
  In my app, env/ is the folder where my virtual environment exists. I probably don’t want to localize everything that exists in this folder, so we can ignore it.
• --ignore=*.py
  For some reason, django keeps trying to localize some of my python files that exist at the project root. To avoid this, I explicitly ignore such files.

Once you’ve run this django-admin.py command, you should take a look inside your locale/directory. If your app exists at something like /opt/app/, you’ll find a file structure like this:

/opt/app
--- /locale
------ /LC_MESSAGES
--------- /de
------------ django.po

And within each of these django.po files, you’ll find pairs of a string, and then a space for a translation, as so:

# path/to/templates/blah.html:123
msgid "My English."
msgstr ""

Obviously, if you’re in /opt/app/locale/LC_MESSAGES/de/django.po you’d better provide a German translation as a msgstr.

Now, compile your messages and we’ll see what we get!

$ django-admin.py compilemessages

Next to each django.po file, you’ll now also have a django.mo file. This is the binary file that Django actually uses to fetch translations in real time.

Restart uWSGI and your web server.

Add the language you just localized for to your preferred languages in your browser settings, and pull it to first place. In Chrome, this is Preferences » Advanced » Manage Languages.

When you reload your site, you should see that your string has been translated! Anything that you haven’t translate will remain visible in its original language (in my case, English).

Step 3: Translation Javascript (Javascript itself)

Open up your urls.py. Append the following:

# 'Packages' should include the names of the app or apps you wish to localize
js_info_dict = {
    'packages': ('app',)
}

And in your urlpatterns, include:

url(r'^jsi8n/$', 'django.views.i18n.javascript_catalog', js_info_dict),

Now, in your base template (whichever manages loading your javascript) and place this script first:

http://%%20url%20'django.views.i18n.javascript_catalog'%20%

Now you can go into any javascript file and simply place gettext("") around any string and that string can be localized. For example:

this.$el.find('.a')[0].attr('title', gettext('Show Resources'));

Generating the Javascript messages file Just as before, when you ran the django-admin.pycommand to gather all the strings needing translations in your html templates, you can do the same in your javascript files.

$ django-admin.py makemessages -d djangojs --locale de --ignore=env

Again, specify the locale and ignore the files inside my virtual environment. Now, look at the files you have in your locale/ subdirectories.

/opt/app
--- /locale
--- /LC_MESSAGES
------ /de
--------- django.po
--------- django.mo
--------- djangojs.po

Simply open up djangojs.po, translate a string, and run django-admin.py compilemessagesagain. You’ll find, as you probably expected, a new file called djangojs.mo. As before, restart uWSGI and your server, and spin it up in the browser. Again, be sure that you’ve got your test language set as your preferred language in your browser settings.

Step 3b: Translating Javascript Templates (Underscore)

This is where things get a little more interesting. The critical point is this: We want our underscore templates to be served through Django, not through our web server directly (e.g. through Apache or Nginx). These are the steps I took to achieve this:

1. Move my underscore templates out of my static/ folder, and into my templates/ folder.
2. Write a urlpattern that will cause my underscore templates to be run through the django template engine first.
3. Update the references to templates in my Javascript (I use RequireJS and the text plugin).

1. Move Underscore Templates Previously, my project structure was something like this:

app/ — static/ —— css/ —— js/ ———- views/ ———- templates/ ————– underscore-template.html — templates/ —— django-template.html

And I had Nginx serving everything inside of static/, well, directly, using the following directive in my Nginx conf file:

location /static {
    alias /opt/app/static;
}

Now, instead of this, I want Django to do its magic before Backbone and Underscore go to town on the templates. So I create a folder inside app/templates/ called js/. I move all my underscore templates here. So now I have:

app/
--- static/
------ css/
------ js/
--------- views/
--- templates/
------ js/
--------- underscore-template.html
--------- django-template.html

2. Write a urlpattern Now, I’m not positive this is the best way to do this, but it does work. Open up your urls.py and add this line:

url(r'^templates/(?P<path>w+)', 'web.views.static'),

What happens now is that whenever Django receives a request for a URL that looks likemysite.com/templates/some/thing.html, it assigns some/thing.html to a variable path, and passes that to our web view. So now I open up app/web/views.py and append this code:

def static(request, path):

  # Update this to use os.path
  directory = '/opt/app/' + request.META['REQUEST_URI'];
  template = loader.get_template(directory)

  # This allows the user to set their language
  if hasattr(request.user, 'lang'):
    request.session['django_language'] = request.user.lang

  # I use this email_hash to generate gravatars, incidentally
  context = RequestContext(request, {
    'email_hash': hashlib.md5(request.user.email).hexdigest() if request.user.is_authenticated() else ''
  })

  return HttpResponse(template.render(context))

Now, we’re taking whatever request it was, grabbing that file, and passing it throughtemplate.render. If needed, add this folder to your settings.py:

TEMPLATE_DIRS = (
    # Put strings here, like "/home/html/django_templates" or "C:/www/django/templates".
    # Always use forward slashes, even on Windows.
    # Don't forget to use absolute paths, not relative paths.
  '/opt/app/templates/',
  '/opt/app/templates/js'
)

Now you can go into any of your underscore template files and mark them up using typical django syntax. Just make sure you remember to include {% load i18n %} at the top of your underscore templates. For example:

{% load i18n %}
<!-- Page of Greek text for Reader view -->


  
  
">
     Page" data-placement="">
  

  <!-- Page header -->
  <h1><%= work %> <small>{% trans "by" %} <%= author %>{% trans "," %} <a href="#" data-toggle="tooltip" title="{% trans 'Jump to another section' %}">section</a></small></h1>
  <hr>

  <!-- Greek goes here! -->
  <span class="page-content">
    <% _.each(words, function(word) { %>
      <% if (word.get('sentenceCTS') == cts) { %>
        <span lang="<%= word.get('lang') %>" data-cts="<%= word.get('wordCTS') %>" class="<% if (word.get('value').match(/[.,-·/#!$%^&*;:{}=-_`~()]/)) print('punct'); %>"><%= word.get('value') %></span> 
      <% } %>
    <% }); %>
  </span>
</div>

In the long run, it may be worth your time to simply switch your html templates purely to Django. However, since the syntax of Underscore and Django don’t clash, it’s a viable solution as far as I’ve experienced.

Once you’ve marked up your underscore templates, simply re-run the same django_admin.py makemessages command as before.

Just don’t forget to go into your javascript files and change the paths where you’re importing your templates from, so they’re no longer pointing to a static directory. For example:

define(['jquery', 'underscore', 'backbone', 'text!/templates/js/underscore-template.html'], function($, _, Backbone, Template) { 

  var View = Backbone.View.extend({
    tagName: 'div', 
    template: _.template(Template),
    render: function() {
      this.$el.html(this.template(this.model));
      return this;
    }
  });
  return View;
});

Supporting bidirectional languages

So far, I have had great success with the techniques suggested in this blogpost: RTL CSS with Sass. I’ll just give you a couple of pointers on how to make it easy to implement this with Django.

First, I installed the set_var template tag. This is because I want to use some of the usefulget_language functions that Django makes available to me. Alternatively, you could probably clean this up by putting this logic in your views.py.

Then, in my app/templates/base.html, I make use of this template tag and template inheritance as so:

{% load i18n %}
{% load set_var %}
{% get_current_language_bidi as LANGUAGE_BIDI %}
{% if LANGUAGE_BIDI %}
  {% set dir = "rtl" %}
{% else %}
  {% set dir = "ltr" %}
{% endif %}

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html dir="{{ dir }}">
    <head>
  <meta charset="utf-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>
    {% trans "My app" %}
  </title>

  {% block css %}
    <link href="/static/css/{{ css_file }}.{{ dir }}.css" rel="stylesheet">
  {% endblock %}

  http://%%20url%20'django.views.i18n.javascript_catalog'%20%
  /static/js/lib/require.js
  var csrf_token = "{{ csrf_token }}"; var locale = "{{ LANGUAGE_CODE }}"; var dir = "{{ dir }}"; 
    </head>
    <body>
        {% block content %} {% endblock %}
    </body>
</html>

What do we have here?

1. We’re using Django to get the direction our page is – either ltr or rtl.
2. We’re making it possible to replace the CSS file based on the page we’re on and the text direction.
3. We make a couple of variables global (eek!) for use in our javascript.

Now, you can take any page which inherits from your base template, and set the css_file. For example:

{% extends "base.html" %}

  {# Determine which CSS file to load #}
  {% block css %}
    {% with 'generic' as css_file %}
      {{ block.super }}
    {% endwith %}
  {% endblock %}

  {% block content %}

  &ltr;!-- Content here -->

  {% endblock %}

Note: This assumes that you are generating your CSS files with a command such as this:

$ sass generic.scss generic.ltr.css

And that inside of generic.scss you’ve got an @import "directional" wherein you switch the direction between LTR and RTL in order to generate your sets of CSS.

And that’s a wrap!

It’s essentially everything you need to internationalize your Django website and get django to do a first pass over your underscore templates. If you’ve got suggestions for improving this work flow, by all means, pass them my way! I hope this helps give you some ideas on how to use Django’s built in internationalization and localization tools to make your life easier 🙂

Let’s be honest: No developer wakes up in the morning and thinks, “Oh goody! Today I get to internationalize my giant website with tons of content and files. I bet supporting right-to-left languages is going to be a blast.”

However, I’m here to tell you that it’s not nearly as bad as you would expect.

In fact, Django makes it downright easy to do. Unfortunately, there’s not a lot of information on the web about internationalizing (also known as i18n) in Django besides the official documentation. Hopefully these tips and tricks will be useful for you.

What Django gives you

• Preferred language of the user, and uses the files you generate to serve translated and localized templates.
• Gives you tools for translating strings in both HTML files (i.e. templates) and Javascript files.
• Gives you helpful variables in your templates to help you serve the correct content for left-to-right and right-to-left users.

Step 1: Enabling Localization in Django

Create a folder in your site root’s directory (or elsewhere if you see fit), called locale. This will contain a folder for each language, as well as the files used for translation themselves.

Open up your settings.py and include or update the following settings:

# Path to locale folder
LOCALE_PATHS = (
    '/path/to/folder/locale',
)

# The language your website is starting in
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en'

# The languages you are supporting
LANGUAGES = (
    ('en', 'English'),   # You need to include your LANGUAGE_CODE language
    ('fa', 'Farsi'),
    ('de', 'German'),
)

# Use internationalization
USE_I18N = True

# Use localization
USE_L10N = True

Also, in each of your views (e.g. in views.py), you should be setting the request language as a session. For example:

if hasattr(request.user, 'lang'):
  request.session['django_language'] = request.user.lang

Step 2: Internationalizing your Django content

This is really the easy part. Chances are, you’ve got a folder in your Django app called “templates”. Inside, you’ve got HTML, some variables, and whatnot. All you have to do is go through and mark up the strings that need to be translated, like so:

{% trans "My English" %}
{% trans myvar %}

You get a lot of flexibility here, as described in the documentation. Essentially what happens is that you label all of your strings that should be translated, and then Django generates a handy file that your translator can use to localize the interface.

Just make sure that at the top of any template you want localized, you actually load the i18n library.

{% load i18n %}

Test it out You only have to translate a string or two in order to see whether it’s working. Create your translation files using the following command:

$ django-admin.py makemessages --locale=de --extension=html --ignore=env --ignore=*.py

Explanation of the options:

• --locale=de
  Change this from de to whatever locale you’re going for.
• --extension=html
  Tells the django engine only to look for .html files.
• --ignore=env
  In my app, env/ is the folder where my virtual environment exists. I probably don’t want to localize everything that exists in this folder, so we can ignore it.
• --ignore=*.py
  For some reason, django keeps trying to localize some of my python files that exist at the project root. To avoid this, I explicitly ignore such files.

Once you’ve run this django-admin.py command, you should take a look inside your locale/directory. If your app exists at something like /opt/app/, you’ll find a file structure like this:

/opt/app
--- /locale
------ /LC_MESSAGES
--------- /de
------------ django.po

And within each of these django.po files, you’ll find pairs of a string, and then a space for a translation, as so:

# path/to/templates/blah.html:123
msgid "My English."
msgstr ""

Obviously, if you’re in /opt/app/locale/LC_MESSAGES/de/django.po you’d better provide a German translation as a msgstr.

Now, compile your messages and we’ll see what we get!

$ django-admin.py compilemessages

Next to each django.po file, you’ll now also have a django.mo file. This is the binary file that Django actually uses to fetch translations in real time.

Restart uWSGI and your web server.

Add the language you just localized for to your preferred languages in your browser settings, and pull it to first place. In Chrome, this is Preferences » Advanced » Manage Languages.

When you reload your site, you should see that your string has been translated! Anything that you haven’t translate will remain visible in its original language (in my case, English).

Step 3: Translation Javascript (Javascript itself)

Open up your urls.py. Append the following:

# 'Packages' should include the names of the app or apps you wish to localize
js_info_dict = {
    'packages': ('app',)
}

And in your urlpatterns, include:

url(r'^jsi8n/$', 'django.views.i18n.javascript_catalog', js_info_dict),

Now, in your base template (whichever manages loading your javascript) and place this script first:

<script type="text/javascript" src="{% url 'django.views.i18n.javascript_catalog' %}"></script>

Now you can go into any javascript file and simply place gettext("") around any string and that string can be localized. For example:

this.$el.find('.a')[0].attr('title', gettext('Show Resources'));

Generating the Javascript messages file Just as before, when you ran the django-admin.pycommand to gather all the strings needing translations in your html templates, you can do the same in your javascript files.

$ django-admin.py makemessages -d djangojs --locale de --ignore=env

Again, specify the locale and ignore the files inside my virtual environment. Now, look at the files you have in your locale/ subdirectories.

/opt/app
--- /locale
--- /LC_MESSAGES
------ /de
--------- django.po
--------- django.mo
--------- djangojs.po

Simply open up djangojs.po, translate a string, and run django-admin.py compilemessagesagain. You’ll find, as you probably expected, a new file called djangojs.mo. As before, restart uWSGI and your server, and spin it up in the browser. Again, be sure that you’ve got your test language set as your preferred language in your browser settings.

Step 3b: Translating Javascript Templates (Underscore)

This is where things get a little more interesting. The critical point is this: We want our underscore templates to be served through Django, not through our web server directly (e.g. through Apache or Nginx). These are the steps I took to achieve this:

1. Move my underscore templates out of my static/ folder, and into my templates/ folder.
2. Write a urlpattern that will cause my underscore templates to be run through the django template engine first.
3. Update the references to templates in my Javascript (I use RequireJS and the text plugin).

1. Move Underscore Templates Previously, my project structure was something like this:

app/ — static/ —— css/ —— js/ ———- views/ ———- templates/ ————– underscore-template.html — templates/ —— django-template.html

And I had Nginx serving everything inside of static/, well, directly, using the following directive in my Nginx conf file:

location /static {
    alias /opt/app/static;
}

Now, instead of this, I want Django to do its magic before Backbone and Underscore go to town on the templates. So I create a folder inside app/templates/ called js/. I move all my underscore templates here. So now I have:

app/
--- static/
------ css/
------ js/
--------- views/
--- templates/
------ js/
--------- underscore-template.html
--------- django-template.html

2. Write a urlpattern Now, I’m not positive this is the best way to do this, but it does work. Open up your urls.py and add this line:

url(r'^templates/(?P<path>w+)', 'web.views.static'),

What happens now is that whenever Django receives a request for a URL that looks likemysite.com/templates/some/thing.html, it assigns some/thing.html to a variable path, and passes that to our web view. So now I open up app/web/views.py and append this code:

def static(request, path):

  # Update this to use os.path
  directory = '/opt/app/' + request.META['REQUEST_URI'];
  template = loader.get_template(directory)

  # This allows the user to set their language
  if hasattr(request.user, 'lang'):
    request.session['django_language'] = request.user.lang

  # I use this email_hash to generate gravatars, incidentally
  context = RequestContext(request, {
    'email_hash': hashlib.md5(request.user.email).hexdigest() if request.user.is_authenticated() else ''
  })

  return HttpResponse(template.render(context))

Now, we’re taking whatever request it was, grabbing that file, and passing it throughtemplate.render. If needed, add this folder to your settings.py:

TEMPLATE_DIRS = (
    # Put strings here, like "/home/html/django_templates" or "C:/www/django/templates".
    # Always use forward slashes, even on Windows.
    # Don't forget to use absolute paths, not relative paths.
  '/opt/app/templates/',
  '/opt/app/templates/js'
)

Now you can go into any of your underscore template files and mark them up using typical django syntax. Just make sure you remember to include {% load i18n %} at the top of your underscore templates. For example:

{% load i18n %}
<!-- Page of Greek text for Reader view -->
<div class="page">

  <!-- Page corner, functions as navigation -->
  <div class="corner <%= side %>">
    <a href="#" data-toggle="tooltip" title="<% side == 'left' ? print('Previous') : print('Next') %> Page" data-placement="<% side == 'left' ? print('right') : print('left') %>"></a>
  </div>

  <!-- Page header -->
  <h1><%= work %> <small>{% trans "by" %} <%= author %>{% trans "," %} <a href="#" data-toggle="tooltip" title="{% trans 'Jump to another section' %}">section</a></small></h1>
  <hr>

  <!-- Greek goes here! -->
  <span class="page-content">
    <% _.each(words, function(word) { %>
      <% if (word.get('sentenceCTS') == cts) { %>
        <span lang="<%= word.get('lang') %>" data-cts="<%= word.get('wordCTS') %>" class="<% if (word.get('value').match(/[.,-·/#!$%^&*;:{}=-_`~()]/)) print('punct'); %>"><%= word.get('value') %></span> 
      <% } %>
    <% }); %>
  </span>
</div>

In the long run, it may be worth your time to simply switch your html templates purely to Django. However, since the syntax of Underscore and Django don’t clash, it’s a viable solution as far as I’ve experienced.

Once you’ve marked up your underscore templates, simply re-run the same django_admin.py makemessages command as before.

Just don’t forget to go into your javascript files and change the paths where you’re importing your templates from, so they’re no longer pointing to a static directory. For example:

define(['jquery', 'underscore', 'backbone', 'text!/templates/js/underscore-template.html'], function($, _, Backbone, Template) { 

  var View = Backbone.View.extend({
    tagName: 'div', 
    template: _.template(Template),
    render: function() {
      this.$el.html(this.template(this.model));
      return this;
    }
  });
  return View;
});

Supporting bidirectional languages

So far, I have had great success with the techniques suggested in this blogpost: RTL CSS with Sass. I’ll just give you a couple of pointers on how to make it easy to implement this with Django.

First, I installed the set_var template tag. This is because I want to use some of the usefulget_language functions that Django makes available to me. Alternatively, you could probably clean this up by putting this logic in your views.py.

Then, in my app/templates/base.html, I make use of this template tag and template inheritance as so:

{% load i18n %}
{% load set_var %}
{% get_current_language_bidi as LANGUAGE_BIDI %}
{% if LANGUAGE_BIDI %}
  {% set dir = "rtl" %}
{% else %}
  {% set dir = "ltr" %}
{% endif %}

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html dir="{{ dir }}">
    <head>
  <meta charset="utf-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>
    {% trans "My app" %}
  </title>

  {% block css %}
    <link href="/static/css/{{ css_file }}.{{ dir }}.css" rel="stylesheet">
  {% endblock %}

  <script type="text/javascript" src="{% url 'django.views.i18n.javascript_catalog' %}"></script>
  <script data-main="/static/js/main" src="/static/js/lib/require.js"></script>
  <script>var csrf_token = "{{ csrf_token }}"; var locale = "{{ LANGUAGE_CODE }}"; var dir = "{{ dir }}"; </script>
    </head>
    <body>
        {% block content %} {% endblock %}
    </body>
</html>

What do we have here?

1. We’re using Django to get the direction our page is – either ltr or rtl.
2. We’re making it possible to replace the CSS file based on the page we’re on and the text direction.
3. We make a couple of variables global (eek!) for use in our javascript.

Now, you can take any page which inherits from your base template, and set the css_file. For example:

{% extends "base.html" %}

  {# Determine which CSS file to load #}
  {% block css %}
    {% with 'generic' as css_file %}
      {{ block.super }}
    {% endwith %}
  {% endblock %}

  {% block content %}

  &ltr;!-- Content here -->

  {% endblock %}

Note: This assumes that you are generating your CSS files with a command such as this:

$ sass generic.scss generic.ltr.css

And that inside of generic.scss you’ve got an @import "directional" wherein you switch the direction between LTR and RTL in order to generate your sets of CSS.

And that’s a wrap!

It’s essentially everything you need to internationalize your Django website and get django to do a first pass over your underscore templates. If you’ve got suggestions for improving this work flow, by all means, pass them my way! I hope this helps give you some ideas on how to use Django’s built in internationalization and localization tools to make your life easier 🙂